And this is basically the principle on which the float glass manufacturing process is based. George kopser glass problems conference october 1819, 2011. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. Skilled man power training manual for glass processing. Energy benchmarking of processes is important for setting energy efficiency targets and planning energy management strategies. Circulation disorder phenomenon due to changing the iron content. Preface ii manufacture of glass chapter 5 presents the bat conclusions as defined in article 312 of the directive. The following overview provides basic information necessary for a proper understanding of the problem of heat transfer. Float glass furnaces with a melting capacity of 700 t24 h or more are an integral part of the programme, as is the smallest opal glass furnace for lighting ware, with a capacity of 1 t24 h. The hot end of a glassworks is where the molten glass is manufactured into glass products. Not only sodalime glass, but also leadfree crystal, full lead crystal, opal and borosilicate glasses of differing compositions and water glass are. To fill the furnace with glass, depending on the type of furnace this could take up to a few days.
With the optimum design of electric boosting system, the better glass melting quality. Float tin bath roof heating float tin bath roof heating is one of the applications used to manufacture modern flat glass, also known as float glass, for architectural and automotive installations. Glass pull rate and quality continue to be within pavisa requirements emissions in the range of emissions for low nox glass oxy fuel burners energy reduction 15 to 18% in line with expectations for 50tpd furnace no fundamental tcr technology issues identified wide flame burner gen iii for optimelt tested in furnace. In other segments, notably fiber and flat glass, the forming process is. Glass furnaces glass melting furnace by cm furnaces. Feb 10, 2012 the worlds most energy efficient float glass melting furnace works in the plant of f glass in osterweddingen. A furnace is an equipment used to melt metals for casting or to heat materials to change their shape e.
Design, manufacture, installation and support of machines, process equipment and production lines. Indeed, flat glass for example for window, windshield etc. Pdf model based energy benchmarking for glass furnace. Classification, general fuel economy measures in furnaces, excess air, heat distribution, temperature control, draft control, waste heat recovery.
Your subscription grants access to all of glass magazines digital editions, as well as a monthly copy of our print magazine mailed right to you. Gaseous inclusions in float glass, more comonly referred to as seeds or bubbles, are of major concern to the glass scientist. Float glass furnace schedules are typically longer mostly due to the physical size and. As previously mentioned, the convection rolls are depending on the temperature gradients at.
Melting furnace design in the glass industry processing in the glass industry series pincus, alexis g. The glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production. The process line from furnace to flat glass of variable thickness and length can. Most approaches used for energy benchmarking are based on statistical methods by comparing with a sample of existing. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. Glass has long been associated with ideas of elegance and aesthetic design. Flat glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin. The process described above is general for conventional combustion furnaces, but their size and technology depends of the type of production.
The furnace the heart of float glass production youtube. Ceramic engineering and science proceedings, volume 27. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as. A collection of papers presented at the 66th conference on glass problems. With the improvement in furnace design and refractory quality in recent yr. As previously mentioned, the convection rolls are depending on the temperature gradients at the glass surface.
It consists of the melting zone and the refining zone from the front to. Solids are heated by direct contact, but fluids are usually heated indirectly, being carried inside pipes within the furnace. These float glass manufacturing plants will work for 24 hours a day the whole year round nonstop for 15 years. Rolled glass is made by passing molten glass from a furnace through a series of rolls. Mawhinney authored practical industrial furnace design and coauthored with trinks volume i, fifth edition and volume ii, fourth edition of industrial furnaces. The stepbystep manufacturing of float glass watch the magic of this sciencebased process begins to unfold, in a series of stages on a float line that may be nearly half a kilometre long. Additionally there is the possibility to install specially developed melting assistant devices like electrical boosting or bubbling systems. Pdf batch processing in a glass furnace researchgate. Glossary of furnace terms dismatec glass plant engineering. Batch processing of glass in a furnace is facilitated when the furnaces used provide a number of important options for your particular glass melting process. Many people said we must use 15 to 25 burners as less burners would shorten the campaign life, but our.
Pdf glass melting furnace refractories and refractory. Furnace design considerations fabulous adventures in coding. Furnaces preheated oxygen and natural gas in flat glass. Recycling of cullet into flat glass melting furnaces. The glass furnace is a horizontal type, as described above. Annealed glass can be cut, machined, drilled, edged and polished. Advanced heat recovery for oxyfuel fired glass furnaces. To achieve good chemical homogeneity, the glass is heated to 15501600c in the furnace, but. The machine required to produce flat glass was first designed by sir alistair pilkington in 1952 and is now the standardised method of making flat glass. The float process step by step pilkington first in glass. Chapter 6 presents information on emerging techniques as defined in article 314 of the. Basic structural design considerations and properties of. Firstprinciples simplified modelling of glass furnaces combustion chambers olivier auchet1, pierre riedinger1. Pdf combustion tests on an industrial glassmelting furnace.
Combustion tests on an industrial glass melting furnace. The glass committee believe that systematic training and. Advances in thin glass manufacture and in coatings are opening new opportunities in electronics. The melting furnace of the float glass furnace is the part for melting and refining. The specification says that if a flaw on heavy glass 38 or thicker cannot be seen. Electric melt furnaces brochure toledo engineering co. Gaseous inclusions in float glass snow 1988 ceramic. Cms glass melting furnaces come in all form factors regardless of temperature range useful options for a glass melting furnace. The heat for the process comes from the combustion of fuels. Firstprinciples simplified modelling of glass furnaces combustion chambers olivier auchet1.
The float process, invented by sir alastair pilkington in 1959, is used throughout the world to produce high quality glass for buildings and vehicles. Kenny, ppg director of marketing, flat glass, said west coast production of starphire glass will yield two significant environmental and supply chain benefits. Glass melting production of glass in a melt furnace how can you optimize regenerator airflow and prolong the durability of a melt furnace. Different glass types, colors, desired quality, raw material purity availability, and furnace design will affect the batch recipe. In glass industry the different types of products need different furnace design. Nox emissions were in the range from 787 to 2854 ppm depending on burner design and fuel. The float glass furnace can be operated with natural gas, lpg, biogas and oil. Skilled man power training manual for glass processing industry 04 05 introduction lass is a noncrystalline solid material, which are typically brittle, and often g optically transparent. Types of furnaces used in container glass making include endport endfired. Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin, although lead and other various lowmeltingpoint alloys were used in the past. Q question a answer situation analysis glass production starts with the molten glass at temperatures of 1480 to 1550c 2696 to 2822f. Trinks, a global authority on steel mill roll pass design, governors, and industrial furnaces, published several books on these subjects in many languages.
Pdf the present paper emphasizes the potentialities of the industrial use of. Pdf modelling of glass melting industrial process researchgate. And as time has passed, these associations have only become stronger. An auxiliary method of adding heat to the glass of a fossil fuel fired tank furnace, by passing an electric current through the molten glass. Glass manufacturing process and air pollutants quartz sand soda ash limestone others cullet tank furnace pot furnace manual forming annealing tempering furnace decorating bending furnace laminating process firing oven glasses for car sheet glass bottle, container fluorescent tube others optical glass flit heavy oil heavy oil s o x, n o x. Float glass furnace capabilities horn glass industries ag. It consists of the melting zone and the refining zone from the front to the rear and the upper flame space and. The furnace is sized and designed to provide high quality glass with the smallest amount of energy per ton of glass melted. Thats why float furnaces have a bigger ll ratio than container glass furnaces.
A comprehensive introduction to float glass furnace. Please call to book a group tour of five or more people. The batch melts inside the furnace and is freed from gases refined. Melting furnace design in the glass industry processing in the glass industry series. Mathematical modeling of flow and heat transfer phenomena in. Annealing float glass is the process of controlled cooling to prevent residual stress in the glass and is an inherent operation of the float glass manufacturing process. In the float glass process, the ingredients silica, lime, soda, etc. Horn glass industries ag, a german specialist in the design and supply of complete glass melting technology is a solution partner for the worldwide glass industry.
Float furnace when we first started doing large plate, sheet, and float glass furnaces we used ten burners as thats what experience with smaller furnaces showed us that we needed. Jun 22, 2016 the melting furnace of the float glass furnace is the part for melting and refining. The complexity of control systems, melting rates, tank capacities and other technical factors. Melting furnace design in the glass industry processing in. Glass production involves two main methods the float glass process that produces sheet. For a float line, the glass furnace is typically on the order of 150 ft long by 30 ft wide and holds around 1200 tons of glass.
More than 8085% of the global production of float glass is used in the construction industry glass for europe, 2015a. Horn glass industries ag has expertise in the design, manufacture and supply of different furnace types, such as regenerative, recuperative continuous tank furnaces, float furnaces and electrical tank furnaces for the production of lighting ware, tableware, containers, cast glass, float glass. Pdf 3d fluid flow regularity in a float glass furnace. Typically, industrial glass furnaces have a daily throughput of several hundreds tons. Float glass is the finest glass commercially available today. The 78th glass problem conference gpc including the 11th advances in fusion and processing of glass afpg symposium is organized by the kazuo inamori school of engineering, the new york state college of ceramics, alfred university, alfred, ny 14802 and the glass manufacturing industry council gmic, westerville, oh 43082. Basics of industrial glass melting furnaces iminfg. Sep 06, 2016 the glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production. Ppg to manufacture starphire glass using oxyfuel furnace. Whether automated or manual, the batch house measures, assembles, mixes, and delivers the.
This section introduces furnaces and refractories and explains the various design and operation aspects. Pdf in a glass furnace solid batches of material are fed into a chamber. Deflection can be a major consideration in glass design for following reasons. Pdf recycling of cullet into flat glass melting furnaces. Combustion tests on an industrial glassmelting furnace. Jul 18, 2012 however, choice of fuel actually is one of the criteria that impacts the design the least, because both fuels require basically the same furnace design. Its merits also include fuel consumption reduction, glass quality improvement, operation and maintenance convenience, and future repair cost savings.
A furnace is an equipment to melt metals for casting or heat materials for change of shape. Burners for glass melting furnaces neil simpson, eclipse incorporated, usa introduction in the late 1980s and early 1990s a consortium of gas utilities named ngnox was formed to investigate the natural gas firing of glass tanks. The process control system simatic pcs 7 from siemens contributes decisively to its. Float glass also called flat glass that has not been heatstrengthened or tempered is annealed glass. Design of a day tank glass furnace using a transient model and steadystate. A summary of almost 50 years of glass furnace preheating. Threedimensional glass furnace model of combustion space and. Furnace firing provides a large part of the heat for the process. A furnace is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a process plant. Float glass process an overview sciencedirect topics. The worlds most energy efficient float glass melting furnace works in the plant of fglass in osterweddingen. That is, there must be a pipe at the bottom of the furnace that admits either blown air, in the case of a charcoal burner, or the propane.
Glass furnaces design construction and operation by w. Neck in case of float glass production, between the melting end and working end. The batch enters the furnace, then passes to the forming process, internal treatment, and annealing. Maximum moving from 800 tons per day to 1200 or even 1400 tons per day furnace campaign life from 8 years in average to 15 years in average, with. Irconan26 glass glass furnace revb fluke corporation. Glass furnaces design construction and operation book. Glass industry image horn glass industries ag has expertise in the design, manufacture and supply of different furnace types, such as regenerative, recuperative continuous tank furnaces, float furnaces and electrical tank furnaces for the production of lighting ware, tableware, containers, cast glass, float glass, solar glass, pharmaceutical glass, cosmetic.